Freemasonry in Ethiopia has a unique and profound history, shaped by the country’s ancient culture, its monarchy, and the significant social and political changes that took place over the centuries. The Craft, though introduced later than in many other parts of Africa, has deep connections with Ethiopia’s modern history, both during the period of imperial rule and in the post-monarchic era. Today, Freemasonry continues to be an active and respected institution in the country, contributing to charitable causes and fostering personal development among its members.
The introduction of Freemasonry in Ethiopia is generally traced to the early 20th century, although some sources suggest that early influences may have been present even before that time. The Craft was introduced to Ethiopia by foreign diplomats, expatriates, and especially Western and European nationals, who were drawn to the country during the reign of Emperor Menelik II (1889–1913). Menelik II’s reign was marked by modernization efforts, including the establishment of diplomatic relations with various European powers, which may have helped bring Freemasonry to the country.
The first recorded Masonic lodge in Ethiopia was established in the early 20th century in Addis Ababa, the capital, by expatriates and foreign nationals, including diplomats from the United Kingdom, Italy, and France. As Ethiopia was one of the few African nations to successfully resist colonization, its unique political position allowed for a more open acceptance of foreign institutions, and Freemasonry was introduced as a social and fraternal organization for the growing expatriate community in the capital.
Freemasonry gained popularity among the Ethiopian aristocracy and military elite during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie I (1930–1974), Ethiopia’s last emperor. Haile Selassie himself is believed to have been a member of the Craft, as were several of his court members, including prominent military leaders and government officials. The influence of Freemasonry grew in Ethiopia during the early decades of the 20th century, with the establishment of new lodges and increased participation by local Ethiopians, particularly from educated and influential circles.
During Haile Selassie’s rule, Ethiopia was modernizing and expanding its international presence, and Freemasonry provided a platform for Ethiopian elites to network with foreign diplomats and officials. Masonic lodges in Addis Ababa and other cities became centers for social interaction, charity, and mutual support. These lodges were seen as places where members could engage in philanthropic work, which was highly valued in Ethiopian society.
Although Freemasonry was well-established in Ethiopia by the mid-20th century, it was still largely seen as a foreign institution. However, it continued to attract members from the ranks of the Ethiopian educated elite, including businessmen, professionals, and military officers, who were drawn to the Craft’s values of brotherhood, integrity, and charitable service.
The 1974 Ethiopian Revolution, which led to the overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie and the establishment of the Marxist-Leninist Derg regime, had a significant impact on Freemasonry in Ethiopia. The new government, led by Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam, viewed many of the country’s old institutions, including Freemasonry, with suspicion. The Derg was fiercely anti-monarchical and sought to dismantle the traditional structures of power, including organizations that were perceived to be associated with the former imperial regime.
As part of its broader campaign to eliminate “reactionary” elements in society, the Derg regime banned Freemasonry in 1975, along with other fraternal and social organizations. Masonic lodges were closed, and many of their activities went underground. Freemasons who had been active under the imperial regime faced persecution, with some members imprisoned or forced into exile. Freemasonry was effectively silenced during the Derg era, and its presence in Ethiopia was all but eliminated for several decades.
The overthrow of the Derg regime in 1991 and the establishment of a new government under the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) heralded a new era for the country. With the fall of the Marxist regime, many of the social and political restrictions imposed during the Derg era were lifted, including the ban on Freemasonry. In the years following the revolution, Freemasonry began to resurface in Ethiopia, albeit slowly and with some caution.
The late 1990s and early 2000s saw a gradual re-establishment of Masonic lodges, particularly in Addis Ababa. The revived Freemasonry in Ethiopia was marked by a focus on philanthropy and social service. New Masonic lodges were established under the auspices of international Masonic bodies, including those affiliated with the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE). Freemasonry in Ethiopia began to attract members from the business, academic, and professional sectors, who were drawn to the Craft’s emphasis on personal growth, community service, and ethical living.
Today, Freemasonry in Ethiopia is a growing and vibrant institution. The Craft in Ethiopia is primarily involved in charitable work, supporting a wide range of social initiatives, including education, healthcare, and poverty alleviation. Many Ethiopian Freemasons participate in programs aimed at improving the welfare of disadvantaged communities, and Masonic lodges contribute to national development through various philanthropic efforts.
Freemasonry in Ethiopia has also gained greater visibility and respectability, as it continues to appeal to men from diverse social, economic, and ethnic backgrounds. Ethiopian Freemasons are engaged in numerous initiatives to support education and health care, and they also participate in global Masonic events and activities, strengthening their connections with Freemasons from other parts of the world.
Despite occasional misconceptions and suspicions about Freemasonry, particularly in more rural areas, the Craft in Ethiopia remains an important part of the social and cultural landscape. It continues to offer a space for men to engage in personal development, build meaningful relationships, and contribute to the betterment of Ethiopian society.
The history of Freemasonry in Ethiopia is closely intertwined with the country’s political and social development. From its early introduction during the imperial period to its suppression under the Derg regime and eventual revival after the 1991 revolution, Freemasonry has had a lasting impact on Ethiopian society. Today, Freemasonry in Ethiopia is a respected institution that continues to promote charitable endeavors, personal growth, and the values of brotherhood and integrity. It is a testament to the enduring nature of the Craft and its ability to adapt to the changing needs of society, even in the face of political and social challenges.
